Torah - Did Moses Write It?

Did Moses write the Torah: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers & Deuteronomy?

Most Jews and Christians believe Moses received and wrote the entire Torah: five books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy. In modern times, Biblical scholarship using textual criticism and other techniques has disputed this claim.

The table below lists Biblical scholars and academics who dispute the "Moses' authorship" claim in favour of the JEDP Theory ('Graf-Wellhausen Hypothesis') or similar model.

W Alexander_Geddes

Arthur Peake \| 1929 AD
Arthur Samuel Peake (1865-1929) was an English biblical scholar, born in Leek, Staffordshire. Peake was educated at St John's College, Oxford. He was the first holder of the Rylands Chair of Biblical Criticism and Exegesis in the University of Manchester, from its establishment as an independent institution in 1904. Peake popularized modern biblical scholarship, including the new "higher criticism." He approached the Bible not as the infallible word of God, but a record of revelation written by fallible humans. W Arthur_Peake
Robertson Smith \| 1894
William Robertson Smith (1846-1894) was a Scottish orientalist, Old Testament scholar, professor of divinity, and minister of the Free Church of Scotland. Smith is known for his book "Religion of the Semites", which is considered a foundational text in comparative studies of religion. His criticisms include the following: The Torah contains laws and history. It's history "does not profess to be written by Moses" as he himself is habitually spoken of in the third person. From internal evidence found in the Bible, Torah history was "written in the land of Canaan" after the death of Moses (c. 13th century BCE), probably as late as "the period of kings", perhaps [Torah was] written under Saul or under David (c.1010-970). Deuteronomy [xii-xxvi] laws are also demonstrated to date to a time long after Moses [318-320]. King Josiah (r.640-609) reforms are found written in the Deuteronomic code. His "Book of the Covenant" probably is none other than "the law of Deuteronomy, which, in its very form, appears to have once been a separate volume". W William_Robertson_Smith
Abraham Kuenen \| 1891
Abraham Kuenen (1828-1891) was a Dutch Protestant theologian, the son of an apothecary. Kuenen was born in Haarlem. He was educated at the University of Leiden. He studied theology, and won his doctor's degree by an edition of 34 chapters of Genesis from the Arabic version of the Samaritan Pentateuch. In 1853 he became professor extraordinarius of theology at Leiden, and in 1855 full professor. Kunen was known throughout Europe and America as one of the greatest scholars of the century. He shared with Wellhausen ('Graf-Wellhausen Hypothesis') acknowledged leadership in the field of Old Testament criticism. ₂ W Abraham_Kuenen
Eduard Reuss \| 1891
Eduard Reuss (1804-1891) was a Protestant theologian. From 1829 to 1834 he taught Biblical criticism and Oriental languages at the Strasbourg Theological School. In 1864, he became Professor of Old Testament. Reuss turned his attention to Old Testament criticism. His critical position was to some extent that of K. H. Graf and Julius Wellhausen. He was in a sense their forerunner, and was actually for a time Graf's teacher. W Édouard_Guillaume_Eugène_Reuss
Julius Wellhausen \| 1883
Julius Wellhausen (1844-1918) was a German biblical scholar and orientalist. In 1883, Julius Wellhausen published his JEDP Theory ('Graf-Wellhausen Hypothesis'). Wellhausen's work proved very influential. He was able to correlate the development of the Torah with Israelite and Jewish history. Wellhausen's theory held the Torah was not a unified work from a single author (Moses) but instead was made up of multiple, independent texts written over many centuries by many different writers. Wellhausen set the chronological order of the independent sources as J, E, D and P with reference to the evolving religious history of Israel, which he saw as one of ever-increasing priestly power. W Julius_Wellhausen
Wilhelm Vatke \| 1882
Wilhelm Vatke (1806-1882) was German Protestant theologian. He was appointed in 1837 professor extraordinarius. He was one of the founders of the newer Hexateuch criticism. Vatke issued his book, "Die Religion des Alten Testaments", which contained the seeds of a revolution for the Old Testament. In future, Vatke's ideas were associated with progressive Torah studies by the names of Abraham Kuenen and Julius Wellhausen. W Johann_Karl_Wilhelm_Vatke
Karl Heinrich Graf \| 1869
Karl Heinrich Graf (1815-1869) was a German Old Testament scholar and orientalist. He studied Biblical exegesis and oriental languages at the University of Strassburg under Édouard Reuss, and, after holding various teaching posts, was made instructor in French and Hebrew at the Landesschule of Meissen, receiving in 1852 the title of professor. Graf was one of the chief founders of Old Testament criticism. Graf taught the Torah we currently possess was largely the product of the weaving together of four independent texts: Jehovist, Elohist, Deuteronomy and Priestly ("JEDP Theory"). These different documents developed at different times during the history of Israel, and were eventually brought together to form our current Torah. ₅ W Karl_Heinrich_Graf
Hermann Hupfeld \| 1853
Hermann Hupfeld (1796-1866) was a Protestant German Orientalist and Biblical commentator. He is known for his historical-critical studies of the Old Testament. He was born at Marburg, where he studied philosophy and theology from 1813 to 1817. In 1825, Hupfeld was appointed extraordinary professor of theology at Marburg. There he received professorships of theology and Oriental languages. In 1853, Hupfeld on the JEDP Theory ("Gaff-Wellhausen"), suggested Elohist (E) was really two sources and should be split, thus isolating the Priestly (P) source. Hupfeld also emphasized the importance of the Redactor, or final editor, in producing the Torah from the four JEDP sources. W Hermann_Hupfeld
Heinrich Ewald \| 1823
Heinrich Ewald (1803-1875) was a German orientalist, Protestant theologian, and Biblical exegete. He studied at the University of Göttingen. In 1827 he became extraordinary professor there, in 1831 ordinary professor of theology, and in 1835 professor of oriental languages. Ewald maintained the Elohistic (E) source was basic for the composition of the Torah. He suggested this work had been supplemented by the addition of older sections such as the Decalogue (D). Finally, a compilation of sources (Jehovistic or J) were placed in the basic Elohistic (E) document. In essence, Ewald was suggesting that at different periods, the [Torah] books underwent a revision each time new additions were incorporated. ₆ W Heinrich_Ewald
Friedrich Bleek \| 1822
Friedrich Bleek (1793-1859) was a German Biblical scholar. In 1822, he identified Joshua as a continuation of the Torah via Deuteronomy. Others had identified signs of the Deuteronomist in Judges, Samuel and Kings. W Friedrich_Bleek
Wilhelm de Wette \| 1805
Wilhelm de Wette (1780-1849) was a German theologian and biblical scholar. In 1805, De Wette concluded that Deuteronomy represented a third independent source. Also,the Torah was composed after the time of David. In general, the Torah we possess was largely the product of weaving together four independent texts: Jehovist, Elohist, Deuteronomy and Priestly (JEDP Theory). These different documents developed at different times during the history of Israel, and were eventually brought together to form our current Torah. ₅ W Wilhelm_Martin_Leberecht_de_Wette
Alexander Geddes \| 1800
Alexander Geddes (1737-1802) was a Scottish theologian and scholar. His translation of the "Satires of Horace" made him known as a scholar, but his liberalism led to his suspension. Geddes postulated that the Torah was put together in Solomon's era (990-931 BCE) from a number of fragments, some of which existed before the time of Moses.
Johann Gottfried Eichhorn \| 1780
Johann Gottfried Eichhorn (1752-1827) was a German Protestant theologian of the Enlightenment and an early orientalist. In 1775 he was made professor of Oriental languages at the Faculty of Theology at Jena University. During his professorship in Jena he wrote his seminal Introduction to the Old Testament, a breakthrough in the historical understanding of the Torah. Eichhorn has been called "the founder of modern Old Testament criticism." In 1823, Eichhorn concluded that "most of the writings of the Hebrews passed through several hands." Eichhorn regarded many books of the Old Testament as fictitous and fake. Moses had had no part in writing any of it. W Johann_Gottfried_Eichhorn
Jean Astruc \| 1766
Jean Astruc (1684-1766) was a professor of medicine at Montpellier and Paris. He wrote the first great treatise on syphilis and venereal diseases. He played a fundamental part in the origins of critical textual analysis of works of scripture. Astruc was the founding father of biblical criticism. He used the pattern of divine names YHWH and Elohim in Genesis and Exodus, to explain the contradictory Biblical accounts. Astruc suggested Moses wrote Genesis based on two different sources, the Yahwist (J) and Elohist (E) traditions, known as Documentary Hypothesis (DH). W Jean_Astruc
Campegius Vitringa \| 1689
Campegius Vitringa (1659-1722) was a Dutch Protestant theologian and Hebraist. Vitringa, a follower of Johannes Cocceius, was a supporter of prophetic theology. He was educated at the universities of Franeker and Leiden, and became professor of Oriental languages in 1681. Vitringa in his work entitled "Observationes Sacrae" suggested that Moses had access to ancient sources from the patriarchal period (1813-1506 BCE). W Campegius_Vitringa
John Hampden \| 1688
John Hampden was a 17th century English scholar. Hampden affirmed affirmed Richard Simon's views, that Moses could not be the author of much of the [Torah] writings attributed to him.
Richard Simon \| 1678
Richard Simon (1638-1712) was a French priest, a member of the Oratorians. He was an influential biblical critic, orientalist and controversialist. Simon was influenced by the ideas of Isaac La Peyrère who came to live with the Oratorians, and by Baruch Spinoza. Unlike the arguments made by previous men, Simon was the first prominent Christian leader who denied Mosaic authorship, creating conflict between him and both Catholics and Protestants alike. Simon declared that Moses could not be the author of much of the [Torah] writings attributed to him. W Richard_Simon_(priest)
Isaac de la Peyrère \| 1676
Isaac La Peyrère (1596-1676) was a French theologian, Bible critic and anthropologist. La Peyrère was a lawyer by training and a Calvinist by upbringing, though he later converted to Catholicism. Peyrere wrote the "Praeadamitae" book which was banned and burned everywhere for various heretical claims, including Moses did not write the Torah, and that no accurate copy of the Bible exists. ₃ W Isaac_La_Peyrère
Jean Morin \| 1659
Jean Morin (1591-1659) or 'Joannes Morinus' was a French theologian and biblical scholar. He invigorated discussions with a traditional-critical thesis that doubted the integritas of the Old Testament. In Morin's view, the Hebrew text of the Old Testament was certainly not deliberately falsified, nevertheless, due to the careless work of copyists it was garbled to such an extent that it does not represent an authentic basis. ₄ W Jean_Morin_(theologian)
Louis Cappel \| 1658
Louis Cappel (1585-1658) was a French Protestant churchman and scholar. He studied theology at the Academy of Sedan and the Academy of Saumur, and Arabic at the University of Oxford. At the age of twenty-eight he accepted the chair of Hebrew at Saumur, and twenty years later was appointed professor of theology. Cappel's second important work, "Critica sacra", went further, and was controversial from a theological point of view. Based on the various readings in text and differences between the ancient versions and Masoretic text, the consonantal text of the Hebrew Bible was susceptible to change, corruption, and human interference, which amounted to an attack on the verbal inspiration of Scripture. W Louis_Cappel
Baruch Spinoza \| 1656
Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) was a Jewish-Dutch philosopher of Portuguese Sephardi origin. Spinoza was raised in a Portuguese-Jewish community in Amsterdam. He developed highly controversial ideas regarding the authenticity of the Hebrew Bible and the nature of the Divine. By laying the groundwork for the Enlightenment and modern biblical criticism. He was considered one of the great rationalists of 17th-century philosophy. Spinoza's break with the prevailing dogmas of Judaism, and particularly his insistence on non-Mosaic authorship of the Torah, was not sudden; rather, he wrote of a lengthy internal struggle, "Indeed, I may add that I write nothing here that is not the fruit of lengthy reflection". Spinoza's analysis had a lasting impact on biblical criticism and laid the foundations for authorship theories to come. W Baruch_Spinoza
Thomas Hobbes \| 1651
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) was an English philosopher who is considered one of the founders of modern political philosophy. In addition to political philosophy, Hobbes also contributed to a diverse array of other fields, including history, jurisprudence, geometry, the physics of gases, theology, ethics and general philosophy. In his major work "Leviathan", Hobbes writes, "It is therefore sufficiently evident that the five Books of Moses were written after his time, though how long after it be not so manifest" (pg. 173). Nonetheless, Hobbes still argues that Moses wrote the parts concerning the law itself. W Thomas_Hobbes
Alfonso Salmeron \| 1585
Alfonso Salmeron (1515-1585) was a Spanish biblical scholar, a Catholic priest. He was one of the first Jesuits. He studied literature and philosophy at Alcalá and then philosophy and theology at the Sorbonne in Paris. The Jesuit tradition of biblical criticism starting with Alfonso Salmeron had paved the way for his approach. W Alfonso_Salmeron
Abraham Ibn Ezra \| 1167
Abraham Ibn Ezra (1089-1167) was one of the most distinguished Jewish biblical commentators and philosophers of the Middle Ages. He was a proponent of the higher biblical criticism of the Torah as one of its earliest pioneers. Spinoza concluded that Ibn Ezra's hints about "the truth" throughout his commentary as "a clear indication it was not Moses who wrote the Torah but someone else who lived long after him, and it was a different book that Moses wrote" as sufficient evidence for Non-Mosaic authorship. Despite his affirmation of Mosaic authorship for the vast majority of the Torah, many scholars refer to Ibn Ezra as the "father of modern biblical criticism". ₇ W Abraham_ibn_Ezra

In Islam, Moses received the 'Oral' Torah

Islam teaches that Moses received the Torah from God. This was an 'oral transmission' from God through the Angel Gabrial to Moses. Today, the Torah is presented in a written book format. This is a corrupted version of the original Oral Torah. The JEDP Theory (or "Graf-Wellhausen Hypothesis") supports the Islamic position on Biblical corruption.

Maurice Bucaille (d. 1998), a Muslim scholar supported Documentary Hypothesis (DH)

Maurice Bucaille (1920-1998), a French medical doctor, author, convert and scholar of Islam. Bucaille writes the Old Testament has been distorted due to the numerous translations and corrections, as it was transmitted orally. Bucaille argued for biblical criticism, including the Documentary Hypothesis (DH) and JEDP Theory.

W Maurice_Bucaille

Bucaille on Documentary Hypothesis

CREDIT
₁https://thetorah.com/yhwh-the-god-that-is-vs-the-god-that-becomes/
₂ The Jewish Quarterly Review Vol. 4, No. 4 (July 1892), pp. 571
₃ https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/la-peyr-x00e8-re-isaac
₄ p.749 Hebrew Bible / Old Testament: The History of Its Interpretation: II: From the Renaissance to the Enlightenment. Magne Saebo
₅ p.87 Three Perspectives: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim. Steven H. Propp
₆ Ewald, The Composition of Genesis Critically Examined
₇ Encyclopedia Judaica, "ibn Ezra"
https://otterdoxy.wordpress.com/2015/10/16/jedp-and-stuff-before-wellhausen/

Share Article if you found it useful

11706 views · 1 hr ago | Author: Guest • Updated: 11 Jun 2019

ALL ARTICLES ARE INTENDED FOR GENERAL EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY. ALL INFORMATION IS BELIEVED TO BE CORRECT, ACCURATE AND TRUTHFUL. YOU ARE ADVISED TO DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH. ARTICLES ARE LIVE DOCUMENTS AND MAY BE UPDATED WITH NEW CONTENT AT ANY TIME. WHERE AVAILABLE, SOURCES AND REFERENCES ARE CREDITED. IF YOU SPOT ANY ERRORS, OMISSIONS OR GIVE FEEDBACK KINDLY CONTACT US WITH DETAILS

	Are you a Muslim? 3 mins \| Online Test
	Torah - Did Moses Write It? 11707 views · 0 secs ago
	Noahide Laws 11574 views · 2 secs ago
	5 reasons Abraham sacrificed Ishmael 14039 views · 2 secs ago
	Bible - Lost Books of the Bible 11648 views · 5 secs ago
	Bible - 400 NT Jesus Prophecies copied from OT 10779 views · 5 secs ago

	Torah 5 BOOKS
	Psalms 1 BOOK
	Old Testament 32 BOOKS
	New Testament 27 BOOKS
	Apocrypha 1885 14 BOOKS
	Gospels/Texts 367 BOOKS
	Codex 120 BOOKS
	Quran 1 BOOK
	Hadith 10 BOOKS

Torah - Did Moses Write It?

Did Moses write the Torah: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers & Deuteronomy?

Arthur Samuel Peake (1865-1929) was an English biblical scholar, born in Leek, Staffordshire.

William Robertson Smith (1846-1894) was a Scottish orientalist, Old Testament scholar, professor of divinity, and minister of the Free Church of Scotland.

Abraham Kuenen (1828-1891) was a Dutch Protestant theologian, the son of an apothecary.

Eduard Reuss (1804-1891) was a Protestant theologian.

Julius Wellhausen (1844-1918) was a German biblical scholar and orientalist.

Wilhelm Vatke (1806-1882) was German Protestant theologian.

Karl Heinrich Graf (1815-1869) was a German Old Testament scholar and orientalist.

Hermann Hupfeld (1796-1866) was a Protestant German Orientalist and Biblical commentator.

Heinrich Ewald (1803-1875) was a German orientalist, Protestant theologian, and Biblical exegete.

Friedrich Bleek (1793-1859) was a German Biblical scholar.

Wilhelm de Wette (1780-1849) was a German theologian and biblical scholar.

Alexander Geddes (1737-1802) was a Scottish theologian and scholar.

Johann Gottfried Eichhorn (1752-1827) was a German Protestant theologian of the Enlightenment and an early orientalist.

Jean Astruc (1684-1766) was a professor of medicine at Montpellier and Paris.

Campegius Vitringa (1659-1722) was a Dutch Protestant theologian and Hebraist.

John Hampden was a 17th century English scholar.

Richard Simon (1638-1712) was a French priest, a member of the Oratorians.

Isaac La Peyrère (1596-1676) was a French theologian, Bible critic and anthropologist.

Jean Morin (1591-1659) or 'Joannes Morinus' was a French theologian and biblical scholar.

Louis Cappel (1585-1658) was a French Protestant churchman and scholar.

Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) was a Jewish-Dutch philosopher of Portuguese Sephardi origin.

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) was an English philosopher who is considered one of the founders of modern political philosophy.

Alfonso Salmeron (1515-1585) was a Spanish biblical scholar, a Catholic priest.

Abraham Ibn Ezra (1089-1167) was one of the most distinguished Jewish biblical commentators and philosophers of the Middle Ages.

In Islam, Moses received the 'Oral' Torah

Maurice Bucaille (d. 1998), a Muslim scholar supported Documentary Hypothesis (DH)

Submit Article

NEWS | 1,611

ARTICLES | 154

SCRIPTURE | 580

PROPHETS | 44