Galatians
Chapter: 4
Chapter: 4
Now I say, That the heir, as long as he is a child, differeth nothing from a servant, though he be lord of all;
6 of 31
Even so we, when we were children, were in bondage under the elements of the world:
8 of 31
But when the fulness of the time was come, God sent forth his Son, made of a woman, made under the law,
9 of 31
To redeem them that were under the law, that we might receive the adoption of sons.
10 of 31
And because ye are sons, God hath sent forth the Spirit of his Son into your hearts, crying, Abba, Father.
11 of 31
Wherefore thou art no more a servant, but a son; and if a son, then an heir of God through Christ.
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Howbeit then, when ye knew not God, ye did service unto them which by nature are no gods.
13 of 31
But now, after that ye have known God, or rather are known of God, how turn ye again to the weak and beggarly elements, whereunto ye desire again to be in bondage?
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Brethren, I beseech you, be as I am; for I am as ye are: ye have not injured me at all.
17 of 31
Ye know how through infirmity of the flesh I preached the gospel unto you at the first.
18 of 31
And my temptation which was in my flesh ye despised not, nor rejected; but received me as an angel of God, even as Christ Jesus.
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Where is then the blessedness ye spake of? for I bear you record, that, if it had been possible, ye would have plucked out your own eyes, and have given them to me.
20 of 31
They zealously affect you, but not well; yea, they would exclude you, that ye might affect them.
22 of 31
But it is good to be zealously affected always in a good thing, and not only when I am present with you.
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My little children, of whom I travail in birth again until Christ be formed in you,
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I desire to be present with you now, and to change my voice; for I stand in doubt of you.
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For it is written, that Abraham had two sons, the one by a bondmaid, the other by a freewoman.
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But he who was of the bondwoman was born after the flesh; but he of the freewoman was by promise.
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Which things are an allegory: for these are the two covenants; the one from the mount Sinai, which gendereth to bondage, which is Agar.
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For this Agar is mount Sinai in Arabia, and answereth to Jerusalem which now is, and is in bondage with her children.
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For it is written, Rejoice, thou barren that bearest not; break forth and cry, thou that travailest not: for the desolate hath many more children than she which hath an husband.
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But as then he that was born after the flesh persecuted him that was born after the Spirit, even so it is now.
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Nevertheless what saith the scripture? Cast out the bondwoman and her son: for the son of the bondwoman shall not be heir with the son of the freewoman.
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Galatians 4
CHURCH FATHERS: 17
CHURCH FATHERS: 17
Galatians was REJECTED (0%) by Clement of Rome
(No mention; no quotes; opinion unknown)
(No mention; no quotes; opinion unknown)
Galatians was REJECTED (0%) by Ignatius of Antioch
(No mention; no quotes; opinion unknown)
(No mention; no quotes; opinion unknown)
Galatians was REJECTED (0%) by Barnabas
(No mention; no quotes; opinion unknown)
(No mention; no quotes; opinion unknown)
Galatians was REJECTED (0%) by Hermas
(No mention; no quotes; opinion unknown)
(No mention; no quotes; opinion unknown)
Galatians was REJECTED (0%) by Papias of Hierapolis
(No mention; no quotes; opinion unknown)
(No mention; no quotes; opinion unknown)
Galatians was APPROVED (75%) by Polycarp
(Citation; approving quotation; alluded to; acceptable with changes)
(Citation; approving quotation; alluded to; acceptable with changes)
Galatians was REJECTED (0%) by Didache
(No mention; no quotes; opinion unknown)
(No mention; no quotes; opinion unknown)
Galatians was APPROVED (75%) by Diognetus
(Citation; approving quotation; alluded to; acceptable with changes)
(Citation; approving quotation; alluded to; acceptable with changes)
Galatians was APPROVED (75%) by Justin Martyr
(Citation; approving quotation; alluded to; acceptable with changes)
(Citation; approving quotation; alluded to; acceptable with changes)
Galatians was FULLY ACCEPTED (100%) by Irenaeous
(Fully accepted; true scripture; quoted approvingly)
(Fully accepted; true scripture; quoted approvingly)
Galatians was FULLY ACCEPTED (100%) by Clement of Alexandria
(Fully accepted; true scripture; quoted approvingly)
(Fully accepted; true scripture; quoted approvingly)
Galatians was APPROVED (75%) by Tertullian
(Citation; approving quotation; alluded to; acceptable with changes)
(Citation; approving quotation; alluded to; acceptable with changes)
Galatians was APPROVED (75%) by Origen
(Citation; approving quotation; alluded to; acceptable with changes)
(Citation; approving quotation; alluded to; acceptable with changes)
Galatians was FULLY ACCEPTED (100%) by Eusebius of Caesarea
(Fully accepted; true scripture; quoted approvingly)
(Fully accepted; true scripture; quoted approvingly)
Galatians was FULLY ACCEPTED (100%) by Athanasius of Alexandria
(Fully accepted; true scripture; quoted approvingly)
(Fully accepted; true scripture; quoted approvingly)
Galatians was FULLY ACCEPTED (100%) by Cyril of Jerusalem
(Fully accepted; true scripture; quoted approvingly)
(Fully accepted; true scripture; quoted approvingly)
Galatians was FULLY ACCEPTED (100%) by Augustine of Hippo
(Fully accepted; true scripture; quoted approvingly)
(Fully accepted; true scripture; quoted approvingly)
Galatians 4
BIBLE CANON: 5
A biblical canon is a set of texts (or "books") which a particular religious community regards as authoritative scripture. Christians were the first to use the term in reference to scripture.
BIBLE CANON: 5
These bible canons have developed through debate and agreement by the religious authorities.
Marcionism was a religious movement based on the teachings of the 2nd-century Marcion of Sinope. Marcions Canon lists 14 books out of the 27 books in the New Testament. More specifically, these were Luke and Paul's 13 writings. Marcion even rejected the entire Old Testament of 39 books.
bible.ca/marcion
Galatians was FULLY ACCEPTED (100%) by Marcion Canon
(Fully accepted; true scripture; quoted approvingly)
(Fully accepted; true scripture; quoted approvingly)
The Muratorian Canon is an ancient list of New Testament books - the oldest such list we have found and lists 22 of the 27 books that were later included in the New Testament of the Christian Bible.
It is noteworthy that the Muratorian Canon omits several epistles that later did win acceptance in the Christian New Testament such as the books of James and 2 Peter.
gotquestions.org/muratorian
Galatians was FULLY ACCEPTED (100%) by Muratorian Canon
(Fully accepted; true scripture; quoted approvingly)
(Fully accepted; true scripture; quoted approvingly)
Apostolic Canons or Ecclesiastical Canons
Galatians was FULLY ACCEPTED (100%) by Apostolic Canon
(Fully accepted; true scripture; quoted approvingly)
(Fully accepted; true scripture; quoted approvingly)
The Cheltenham or Mommsen List is a Latin manuscript discovered by the German classical scholar Theodor Mommsen (published 1886) which probably originated in North Africa in the 4th century.
It has 24-book Old Testament and 24-book New Testament which omits Jude and James, and perhaps Hebrews, and questions the epistles of John and Peter.
bible-researcher.com/cheltenham
Galatians was FULLY ACCEPTED (100%) by Cheltenham/ Mommsen List
(Fully accepted; true scripture; quoted approvingly)
(Fully accepted; true scripture; quoted approvingly)
The Council of Rome was a meeting of Catholic Church officials and theologians which took place in 382 under the authority of Pope Damasus I, bishop of Rome.
According to a document appended to some manuscripts, the Council of Rome affirmed the authority of the Old and New Testament canon in a decretal or damasine list.
Galatians was FULLY ACCEPTED (100%) by Council of Rome
(Fully accepted; true scripture; quoted approvingly)
(Fully accepted; true scripture; quoted approvingly)
Galatians 4
TEXTUAL CRITICISM
TEXTUAL CRITICISM
Today, it is assumed Paul is the author. However, it is known that Paul extensively used Scribes ('Amanuensis') to write his letters. Paul dictated his thoughts and the Scribe wrote the letter as they saw fit. Therefore, most of Paul's Epistles (letters) in the New Testament Bible are authored by unknown Scribes.
In his Corinthians letter, Paul speaks of a 'Thorn In My Flesh' troubling him. Bible scholars have 4 theories on the 'thorn':
-
1. Physical Sickness - The 'thorn' is a physical sickness (i.e. malaria, malta fever, epilepsy, convulsive attacks, chronic ophthalmia etc.). Many of these illnesses affect the eye-sight and would explain why Paul suffered from poor vision.
2. Mental Illness - The 'thorn' is a mental illness (i.e. brain disorder, hallucination, schizophrenia, depression etc.)
3. Spiritual Problem - The 'thorn' is a spiritual or moral problem (i.e. demon, evil-spirit, devil possession etc.)
4. Ministerial Opposition - The 'thorn' is the Jewish persecution, opposition and resistance to Paul's ministry. This is considered a weak theory because if Paul was referring to a opposing person or movement, he would have referred to such individuals by name. brianchilton/thorn blueletter/thorn
It is known that Paul used Scribes ('Amanuensis') to write his letters as he suffered from poor eye-sight and was unable to write. According to early sources, Paul was 'a short, bony, little Jew with constant running eyes from his eye problems, squinting with a very large angular nose'. studylight/commentaries
See what large letters I use as I write to you with my own hand [Paul's eyesight was defective and he needed help to write]
As you know, it was because of an illness that I first preached the gospel to you, and even though my illness was a trial to you, you did not treat me with contempt or scorn. Instead, you welcomed me as if I were an angel of God, as if I were Christ Jesus himself. Where, then, is your blessing of me now? I can testify that, if you could have done so, you would have torn out your eyes and given them to me.
Paul replied, Brothers, I did not know [due to bad eye-sight] that he was the high priest; for it is written: 'Do not speak evil about the ruler of your people.'
As you know, it was because of an illness that I first preached the gospel to you, and even though my illness was a trial to you, you did not treat me with contempt or scorn. Instead, you welcomed me as if I were an angel of God, as if I were Christ Jesus himself. Where, then, is your blessing of me now? I can testify that, if you could have done so, you would have torn out your eyes and given them to me.
Paul replied, Brothers, I did not know [due to bad eye-sight] that he was the high priest; for it is written: 'Do not speak evil about the ruler of your people.'
In Galatians, Paul confirms the Galatian Church was aware of his eye-sight problem. So much so, they would have 'plucked out their own eyes and given them to him' were it possible.
Where, then, is your blessing of me now? I can testify that, if you could have done so, you would have torn out your eyes and given them to me.
Paul composed his letters in accordance with the writing conventions of his time. Scribes were essential as the skills required for writing with primitive pens and paper made writing legibly a challenge.
Tertius was one Roman Scribe ('Amanuensis') who wrote on behalf of Paul. Tertius wrote Paul's Epistles (letters), either from notes, ideas or direct from Paul's mouth. At the end of the Epistle (letter), Paul would conclude with personal greetings in his own writing. [John Gill's commentary]
Timothy is present as Paul and Tertius write Romans. Did Timothy have any influence over the final text? If so, what was that influence? Was any text in Romans written by Timothy? trivialdevotion/tertius
I, Tertius, the one writing this letter for Paul, send my greetings, too, as one of the Lord's followers
Paul, write this greeting in my own hand. Remember my chains. Grace be with you.
I, Paul, write this greeting in my own hand, which is the distinguishing mark in all my letters. This is how I write.
I, Paul, write this greeting in my own hand.
Timothy, my co-worker, sends his greetings to you, as do Lucius, Jason and Sosipater, my fellow Jews.
Paul, write this greeting in my own hand. Remember my chains. Grace be with you.
I, Paul, write this greeting in my own hand, which is the distinguishing mark in all my letters. This is how I write.
I, Paul, write this greeting in my own hand.
Timothy, my co-worker, sends his greetings to you, as do Lucius, Jason and Sosipater, my fellow Jews.
'Interpolation' is where a Word, Verse, Passage or even entire Chapter was added to Paul's Letter, often many years after Paul had written, disseminated it or died. Bible Scholars who hold the view that Paul's Letter is interpolated include:
- Burton (1921: lxix-lxx) notes those who doubt the epistle as a whole. They include (NOT Evanson), Bauer (1850-52); Loman (1882); Pierson (1878); Pierson and Naber (1886: 26f.); Steck (1888); van Manen; Friedrich (1891); Kalthoff (1904); Johnson (1887); and Robertson. O'Neill (1972) suggests extensive interpolations: see Murphy-O'Connor in RB 82 (1975: 143f.).
- 2:3-8, Warner (1951).
- 2:7b-8, Straatman, van Manen (1890: 513ff.); Volter (1890: 90); Barnikol (1931a); Schenke and Fischer (1978: 79-81); O'Neill (1972).
- 2:18, Schmithals (1973).
- 3:16b, Burton (1921: 509f.).
- 3:19a, not in text of P46; it contradicts the context, and can be explained from Romans 5:20. See Gaston (1982); Eshbaugh (1979); and Walker (1988).
- 3:20, Burton (1921: 190-92. "possibly").
- 4:25a, Schmithals (1973); Schenke; O'Neill (1975); Bentley (1962); Mace (1729, who omits it from Sinaiticus); Mill; Schott; Prins (1872); Naber (1878, "insertion work of an ass"); Holsten (1880: 17lf.); van de Sande Bakhuyzen {1880}; Baljon {1889: 185}; Thijm (1890}; Cramer {1890}; Clemen; Burton {1921: 259f.).
- 5:7, whole verse Scott.
- 5:7b, Semler; Koppe; Holsten {1880: 175}.
- 5:16-24, [Sturdy asks how Pauline this really sounds].
Galatians 4
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VIDEO: 8
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Bible Project: Galatians
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In Genesis 3:15 and Galatians 3:16, Apostle Paul mistranslates 'seeds' plural to 'seed' for Jesus - Michael Skobac
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Book of Galatians - David Brett
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In Galatians, Apostle Paul orders new Christians abandon circumcision/Jewish Law; return to faith in Jesus - Bart Ehrman
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The Historians, Josephus, Pliny & Tacitus wrote of Christianity AFTER Apostle Paul wrote Galatians in 49 AD - Scott Savage
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In Galatians 2:16, Apostle Paul claims Faith Alone saves. In James 2:20, James calls Paul a foolish person for this Lie - Muhammad Lamin
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In Galatians 3:13, Jesus hung on a Tree was cursed - Jeffrey Daugherty
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In Galatians 1:12 and 2 Corinthians 3:10, Apostle Paul claims revelation from Jesus & opposed the Jewish Law - RTC
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5163 views · 0 secs ago
IMPORTANT: All Scripture text has context and background. Scripture should never be read literally or in isolation. Always seek clarification from religious scholars and teachers. In general, Scripture adheres to four principles: (1) Literal Meaning - What the Scripture says (2) Historical Setting - The story events; how the Scripture was understood in its time (3) Grammar - The surrounding sentence and paragraph; textual context (4) Synthesis - A comparison with similar Scripture to give a better contextual understanding
