Scripture: Romans 9

Romans
Chapter: 9

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I say the truth in Christ, I lie not, my conscience also bearing me witness in the Holy Ghost,

ROMANS 9:1

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That I have great heaviness and continual sorrow in my heart.

ROMANS 9:2

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For I could wish that myself were accursed from Christ for my brethren, my kinsmen according to the flesh:

ROMANS 9:3

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Who are Israelites; to whom pertaineth the adoption, and the glory, and the covenants, and the giving of the law, and the service of God, and the promises;

ROMANS 9:4

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Whose are the fathers, and of whom as concerning the flesh Christ came, who is over all, God blessed for ever. Amen.

ROMANS 9:5

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Not as though the word of God hath taken none effect. For they are not all Israel, which are of Israel:

ROMANS 9:6

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Neither, because they are the seed of Abraham, are they all children: but, In Isaac shall thy seed be called.

ROMANS 9:7

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That is, They which are the children of the flesh, these are not the children of God: but the children of the promise are counted for the seed.

ROMANS 9:8

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For this is the word of promise, At this time will I come, and Sarah shall have a son.

ROMANS 9:9

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And not only this; but when Rebecca also had conceived by one, even by our father Isaac;

ROMANS 9:10

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(For the children being not yet born, neither having done any good or evil, that the purpose of God according to election might stand, not of works, but of him that calleth;)

ROMANS 9:11

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It was said unto her, The elder shall serve the younger.

ROMANS 9:12

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As it is written, Jacob have I loved, but Esau have I hated.

ROMANS 9:13

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What shall we say then? Is there unrighteousness with God? God forbid.

ROMANS 9:14

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For he saith to Moses, I will have mercy on whom I will have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I will have compassion.

ROMANS 9:15

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So then it is not of him that willeth, nor of him that runneth, but of God that sheweth mercy.

ROMANS 9:16

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For the scripture saith unto Pharaoh, Even for this same purpose have I raised thee up, that I might shew my power in thee, and that my name might be declared throughout all the earth.

ROMANS 9:17

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Therefore hath he mercy on whom he will have mercy, and whom he will he hardeneth.

ROMANS 9:18

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Thou wilt say then unto me, Why doth he yet find fault? For who hath resisted his will?

ROMANS 9:19

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Nay but, O man, who art thou that repliest against God? Shall the thing formed say to him that formed it, Why hast thou made me thus?

ROMANS 9:20

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Hath not the potter power over the clay, of the same lump to make one vessel unto honour, and another unto dishonour?

ROMANS 9:21

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What if God, willing to shew his wrath, and to make his power known, endured with much longsuffering the vessels of wrath fitted to destruction:

ROMANS 9:22

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And that he might make known the riches of his glory on the vessels of mercy, which he had afore prepared unto glory,

ROMANS 9:23

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Even us, whom he hath called, not of the Jews only, but also of the Gentiles?

ROMANS 9:24

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As he saith also in Osee, I will call them my people, which were not my people; and her beloved, which was not beloved.

ROMANS 9:25

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And it shall come to pass, that in the place where it was said unto them, Ye are not my people; there shall they be called the children of the living God.

ROMANS 9:26

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Esaias also crieth concerning Israel, Though the number of the children of Israel be as the sand of the sea, a remnant shall be saved:

ROMANS 9:27

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For he will finish the work, and cut it short in righteousness: because a short work will the Lord make upon the earth.

ROMANS 9:28

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And as Esaias said before, Except the Lord of Sabaoth had left us a seed, we had been as Sodoma, and been made like unto Gomorrha.

ROMANS 9:29

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What shall we say then? That the Gentiles, which followed not after righteousness, have attained to righteousness, even the righteousness which is of faith.

ROMANS 9:30

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But Israel, which followed after the law of righteousness, hath not attained to the law of righteousness.

ROMANS 9:31

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Wherefore? Because they sought it not by faith, but as it were by the works of the law. For they stumbled at that stumblingstone;

ROMANS 9:32

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As it is written, Behold, I lay in Sion a stumblingstone and rock of offence: and whosoever believeth on him shall not be ashamed.

ROMANS 9:33

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Chapter:
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Romans 9
CHURCH FATHERS: 17

1. Clement of Rome | CHURCH FATHER 97 AD

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Romans was APPROVED (75%) by Clement of Rome
(Citation; approving quotation; alluded to; acceptable with changes)

2. Ignatius of Antioch | CHURCH FATHER 110 AD

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Romans was REJECTED (0%) by Ignatius of Antioch
(No mention; no quotes; opinion unknown)

3. Barnabas | CHURCH FATHER 130 AD

W Barnabas

Romans was REJECTED (0%) by Barnabas
(No mention; no quotes; opinion unknown)

4. Hermas | CHURCH FATHER 140 AD

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Romans was REJECTED (0%) by Hermas
(No mention; no quotes; opinion unknown)

5. Papias of Hierapolis | CHURCH FATHER 140 AD

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Romans was REJECTED (0%) by Papias of Hierapolis
(No mention; no quotes; opinion unknown)

6. Polycarp | CHURCH FATHER 150 AD

W Polycarp

Romans was APPROVED (75%) by Polycarp
(Citation; approving quotation; alluded to; acceptable with changes)

7. Didache | CHURCH FATHER 150 AD

W Didache

Romans was APPROVED (75%) by Didache
(Citation; approving quotation; alluded to; acceptable with changes)

8. Diognetus | CHURCH FATHER 150 AD

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Romans was REJECTED (0%) by Diognetus
(No mention; no quotes; opinion unknown)

9. Justin Martyr | CHURCH FATHER 155 AD

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Romans was APPROVED (75%) by Justin Martyr
(Citation; approving quotation; alluded to; acceptable with changes)

10. Irenaeous | CHURCH FATHER 202 AD

W Irenaeus

Romans was FULLY ACCEPTED (100%) by Irenaeous
(Fully accepted; true scripture; quoted approvingly)

11. Clement of Alexandria | CHURCH FATHER 215 AD

W Clement_of_Alexandria

Romans was FULLY ACCEPTED (100%) by Clement of Alexandria
(Fully accepted; true scripture; quoted approvingly)

12. Tertullian | CHURCH FATHER 220 AD

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Romans was APPROVED (75%) by Tertullian
(Citation; approving quotation; alluded to; acceptable with changes)

13. Origen | CHURCH FATHER 254 AD

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Romans was APPROVED (75%) by Origen
(Citation; approving quotation; alluded to; acceptable with changes)

14. Eusebius of Caesarea | CHURCH FATHER 340 AD

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Romans was FULLY ACCEPTED (100%) by Eusebius of Caesarea
(Fully accepted; true scripture; quoted approvingly)

15. Athanasius of Alexandria | CHURCH FATHER 367 AD

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Romans was FULLY ACCEPTED (100%) by Athanasius of Alexandria
(Fully accepted; true scripture; quoted approvingly)

16. Cyril of Jerusalem | CHURCH FATHER 386 AD

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Romans was FULLY ACCEPTED (100%) by Cyril of Jerusalem
(Fully accepted; true scripture; quoted approvingly)

17. Augustine of Hippo | CHURCH FATHER 400 AD

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Romans was FULLY ACCEPTED (100%) by Augustine of Hippo
(Fully accepted; true scripture; quoted approvingly)

Romans 9
BIBLE CANON: 5

A biblical canon is a set of texts (or "books") which a particular religious community regards as authoritative scripture. Christians were the first to use the term in reference to scripture.

These bible canons have developed through debate and agreement by the religious authorities.

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1. Marcion Canon | BIBLE CANON 140 AD
Marcionism was a religious movement based on the teachings of the 2nd-century Marcion of Sinope. Marcions Canon lists 14 books out of the 27 books in the New Testament. More specifically, these were Luke and Paul's 13 writings. Marcion even rejected the entire Old Testament of 39 books.

bible.ca/marcion

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Romans was FULLY ACCEPTED (100%) by Marcion Canon
(Fully accepted; true scripture; quoted approvingly)

2. Muratorian Canon | BIBLE CANON 170 AD
The Muratorian Canon is an ancient list of New Testament books - the oldest such list we have found and lists 22 of the 27 books that were later included in the New Testament of the Christian Bible.

It is noteworthy that the Muratorian Canon omits several epistles that later did win acceptance in the Christian New Testament such as the books of James and 2 Peter.

gotquestions.org/muratorian

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Romans was FULLY ACCEPTED (100%) by Muratorian Canon
(Fully accepted; true scripture; quoted approvingly)

3. Apostolic Canon | BIBLE CANON 300 AD
Apostolic Canons or Ecclesiastical Canons

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Romans was FULLY ACCEPTED (100%) by Apostolic Canon
(Fully accepted; true scripture; quoted approvingly)

4. Cheltenham/ Mommsen List | BIBLE CANON 360 AD
The Cheltenham or Mommsen List is a Latin manuscript discovered by the German classical scholar Theodor Mommsen (published 1886) which probably originated in North Africa in the 4th century.

It has 24-book Old Testament and 24-book New Testament which omits Jude and James, and perhaps Hebrews, and questions the epistles of John and Peter.

bible-researcher.com/cheltenham

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Romans was FULLY ACCEPTED (100%) by Cheltenham/ Mommsen List
(Fully accepted; true scripture; quoted approvingly)

5. Council of Rome | BIBLE CANON 382 AD
The Council of Rome was a meeting of Catholic Church officials and theologians which took place in 382 under the authority of Pope Damasus I, bishop of Rome.

According to a document appended to some manuscripts, the Council of Rome affirmed the authority of the Old and New Testament canon in a decretal or damasine list.

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Romans was FULLY ACCEPTED (100%) by Council of Rome
(Fully accepted; true scripture; quoted approvingly)

Romans 9
TEXTUAL CRITICISM

Was Paul the Author? Evidence
Today, it is assumed Paul is the author. However, it is known that Paul extensively used Scribes ('Amanuensis') to write his letters. Paul dictated his thoughts and the Scribe wrote the letter as they saw fit. Therefore, most of Paul's Epistles (letters) in the New Testament Bible are authored by unknown Scribes.

Paul had a troubling 'Thorn' Evidence
In his Corinthians letter, Paul speaks of a 'Thorn In My Flesh' troubling him. Bible scholars have 4 theories on the 'thorn':

Physical Sickness

Mental Illness

Spiritual Problem

Ministerial Opposition

2CORINTHIANS 12:7

brianchilton/thorn

blueletter/thorn

Paul had poor Eye-Sight Evidence
It is known that Paul used Scribes ('Amanuensis') to write his letters as he suffered from poor eye-sight and was unable to write. According to early sources, Paul was 'a short, bony, little Jew with constant running eyes from his eye problems, squinting with a very large angular nose'. studylight/commentaries

See what large letters I use as I write to you with my own hand [Paul's eyesight was defective and he needed help to write]

GALATIANS 6:11

As you know, it was because of an illness that I first preached the gospel to you, and even though my illness was a trial to you, you did not treat me with contempt or scorn. Instead, you welcomed me as if I were an angel of God, as if I were Christ Jesus himself. Where, then, is your blessing of me now? I can testify that, if you could have done so, you would have torn out your eyes and given them to me.

GALATIANS 4:13-15

Paul replied, Brothers, I did not know [due to bad eye-sight] that he was the high priest; for it is written: 'Do not speak evil about the ruler of your people.'

ACTS 23:5

Church was aware of Paul's Eye-Sight problem Evidence
In Galatians, Paul confirms the Galatian Church was aware of his eye-sight problem. So much so, they would have 'plucked out their own eyes and given them to him' were it possible.

Where, then, is your blessing of me now? I can testify that, if you could have done so, you would have torn out your eyes and given them to me.

GALATIANS 4:15

Paul used Scribes to write his Epistles (Letters) Evidence
Paul composed his letters in accordance with the writing conventions of his time. Scribes were essential as the skills required for writing with primitive pens and paper made writing legibly a challenge.

Tertius was one Roman Scribe ('Amanuensis') who wrote on behalf of Paul. Tertius wrote Paul's Epistles (letters), either from notes, ideas or direct from Paul's mouth. At the end of the Epistle (letter), Paul would conclude with personal greetings in his own writing. [John Gill's commentary]

Timothy is present as Paul and Tertius write Romans. Did Timothy have any influence over the final text? If so, what was that influence? Was any text in Romans written by Timothy? trivialdevotion/tertius

I, Tertius, the one writing this letter for Paul, send my greetings, too, as one of the Lord's followers

ROMANS 16:22

Paul, write this greeting in my own hand. Remember my chains. Grace be with you.

COLOSSIANS 4:18

I, Paul, write this greeting in my own hand, which is the distinguishing mark in all my letters. This is how I write.

2THESSALONIANS 3:17

I, Paul, write this greeting in my own hand.

1CORINTHIANS 16:21

Timothy, my co-worker, sends his greetings to you, as do Lucius, Jason and Sosipater, my fellow Jews.

ROMANS 16:21

Paul's Letter, Romans is forged and interpolated Bible Scholars
'Interpolation' is where a Word, Verse, Passage or even entire Chapter was added to Paul's Letter, often many years after Paul had written, disseminated it or died. Bible Scholars who hold the view that Paul's Letter is interpolated include:

1:3-4 Loisy (1935: 9).
1:18-32, parts by Michelsen (1876); Couchoud (1926); Harrison (1936:298f.); Carrington (1939); Hawkins (1941); O'Neill (1975: 40-45, continues until Rom. 2:29); Munro (1983: 112f).
2:1, Bultmann (1947); Schmithals (1975, marginal note).
2:13, Schmithals (1975, marginal note).
2:14f., Weiss sees as a gloss.
2:15b-16, Sahlin (1953).
2:16, Bultmann (1947); Schmithals (1975, marginal note); Koester.
3:9-20, Hawkins (1941).
3:10-18, Weisse (1833); Pierson and Naber (1886); Michelsen (1887); van Manen (1880); Schenke and Fischer (1978: 142f.); O'Neill (1975, vv. 12-18).
3:23-26, Hawkins (1941).
3:24/25-26, Talbert (1966).
4:1 and 4:17b, Schenke and Fischer (1978: 144) make the complicated suggestion that 4:17b really belongs at the end of 4:1. Weisse omits4:1.
5:1, Schmithals (1975, probably redactional).
5:5-10, Sahlin (1953) accepts in order 5, 8, 6, 9, 10; Schenke and Fischer (1978: 144) agree.
5:6-7, Keck (1979: 237-38); Schmithals (1975, marginal note).
5:7 Semler (1810) thinks added later.
5:12-21, Barnes (1947: 239); O'Neill (1975: 96-107).
6:17b, Bultmann (1947); Schmithals (1975, marginal note).
7:25b, Bultmann; Schmithals (1975, marginal note).
8:1. Weisse omits; Bultmann (1947); Schmithals (1975, marginal note).
10:17, Bultmann (1947); Schmithals (1975, marginal note).
13:1-7, Pallis (1920); Loisy (1922: 104, 128; 1935: 30-31; 1936: 287); Windisch (1931); cf. Barnikol (1931b); Eggenberger (1945); Barnes (1947: 302, possibly); Kallas (1964-65); Munro (1983: 56f., 65-67); Sahlin (1953); Bultmann (1947).
15 and 16 together, Baur (1836b; 1849; 1845); Schwegler (1846: I, 296); Zeller (1854: 488); Volkmar (1856; 1875: xvff., 129ff.); Lucht (1871); Ryder (1898); Smith (1901); Scholten (1876); Davidson (1882: 125-28; 1894: 126-31).
15:4b, Schmithals (1975, redactional).
16 as a whole, Weiss (1872); Hawkins (1941); Knox (1954); Friedrich (1961).
16:17-20, Volkmar (1875); Pfleiderer (1887: 145).
16:17-18, Loisy (1935: 29).
16:24, Cranfield; Mangold (1884).
16:25-27, Reiche (1833); Krehl (1845); Delitzsch (1849); Davidson (1868:134-37; 1882:118-21; 1894:120-23); Lucht (1871); Hilgenfeld (1872: 469ff.; 1875:326f.); Pfleiderer (1873: 314); Seyerlen (1874); Volkmar (1875); Schultz (1876); Mangold (1884: 44-81); Bruckner; Lipsius; von Weizsacker (1886: 334); Ji.ilicher (1894: 71); Corssen (1909: 1-45); Lake (1914: 359f.); Wendland (1912: 351); Weiss (1917: 534); Burton (1921: 509); Loisy(1922: 106, 134); Harnack (1931); Barnikol (1931a; 1933:116-48); Dodd (1932: 245); Manson (1948); Gaugler (1945); Zuntz (1953); Michel (1955: 19f.); Barrett (1958: 10-13, 286); Friedrich in RGG3 V, 1138; Beare (1962b: 112f.); Marxsen (1964); Fuller (1966: 56); Fitzmyer in Brown, Fitzmyer and Murphy (eds) (1990: 292); Bornkamm (1969); Lohse (1972); Kasemann (1973); Cranfield (1975:6-9); Schmithals (1975); Vielhauer (1975: 187f.); Gamble (1977: 107-10, 123f.); Schenke and Fischer (1978: I, 136f.); Elliot (1981); Dunn (1988: 912f.); Ziesler (1989: 25); Donfried (1970); Kamiah (1956).

vridar/list-of-scholars-believing-pauls-letters-we..

Romans 9
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