As with all Paul's epistles to the churches, his purpose in writing was to proclaim the glory of the Lord Jesus Christ by teaching doctrine and edify and encourage the believers who would receive his letter.
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Authorship: (Assumed)Proculus Piso, son of Arrius C. Piso and Claudia Phoebe (circa 100 AD)The True Authorship of the New Testament, by Abelard Reuchlin 1986 [source] Claudia Phoebe is known in history as the wife of the emperor Trajan (as Pompeia Plotina). She wrote the last few verses of this epistle, which many copies of the NT in English leave out because that portion was written by a woman. This is obvious, and she even gives her name as 'Phoebe'. You can tell where the previous male author leaves off and the female author begins because the male author 'signs off' with 'Amen'. She wrote the last verses (25-27) of Romans, Chapter 16. |
Year Written: (Assumed)56-58 AD |
Manuscript: (Earliest Available)175-225 AD - Fragment - Papyrus(27,40,46) |
Scripture Type:Letters - PaulAn epistle (or letter) is a writing directed or sent to a person or group of people, usually an elegant and formal didactic letter. Pauls Epistles (or letters) are the 13 New Testament books which have the name Paul as the first word, hence claiming authorship by Paul. As some of the earliest Christian documents, they provide an insight into the beliefs and controversies of early Christianity and as part of the canon of the New Testament they are foundational texts for both Christian theology and ethics. |
Further Reading:earlychristianwritings.com/text/romans-kjv.htmlearlychristianwritings.com/romans.html www.openbible.info/geo/preview/rom google.com/search |
VIDEO (18
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BIBLE CANONS (5) | ROMANSBIBLE CANONA list of Texts a particular religious community regard as authoritative scripture |
1 Marcion Canon (140 AD)Marcionism was a religious movement based on the teachings of the 2nd-century Marcion of Sinope. Marcions Canon lists 14 books out of the 27 books in the New Testament. More specifically, these were Luke and Paul's 13 writings. Marcion even rejected the entire Old Testament of 39 books.bible.ca/marcion Romans was Fully Accepted (100%) by Marcion Canon(Fully accepted; true scripture; quoted approvingly) |
2 Muratorian Canon (170 AD)The Muratorian Canon is an ancient list of New Testament books - the oldest such list we have found and lists 22 of the 27 books that were later included in the New Testament of the Christian Bible.It is noteworthy that the Muratorian Canon omits several epistles that later did win acceptance in the Christian New Testament such as the books of James and 2 Peter. gotquestions.org/muratorian Romans was Fully Accepted (100%) by Muratorian Canon(Fully accepted; true scripture; quoted approvingly) |
3 Apostolic Canon (300 AD)Apostolic Canons or Ecclesiastical CanonsRomans was Fully Accepted (100%) by Apostolic Canon(Fully accepted; true scripture; quoted approvingly) |
4 Cheltenham/ Mommsen List (360 AD)The Cheltenham or Mommsen List is a Latin manuscript discovered by the German classical scholar Theodor Mommsen (published 1886) which probably originated in North Africa in the 4th century.It has 24-book Old Testament and 24-book New Testament which omits Jude and James, and perhaps Hebrews, and questions the epistles of John and Peter. bible-researcher.com/cheltenham Romans was Fully Accepted (100%) by Cheltenham/ Mommsen List(Fully accepted; true scripture; quoted approvingly) |
5 Council of Rome (382 AD)The Council of Rome was a meeting of Catholic Church officials and theologians which took place in 382 under the authority of Pope Damasus I, bishop of Rome.According to a document appended to some manuscripts, the Council of Rome affirmed the authority of the Old and New Testament canon in a decretal or damasine list. Romans was Fully Accepted (100%) by Council of Rome(Fully accepted; true scripture; quoted approvingly) |
| Bible Canon (367 AD) In 367 AD, Bishop Athanasius of Alexandria, first gave a list of the 27-books to become the New Testament 'Bible Canon' |
CHURCH FATHERS (17) | ROMANSCHURCH FATHERAncient and generally influential Christian theologians, eminent teachers and great bishops |
1 Clement of Rome (97 AD)Romans was Approved (75%) by Clement of Rome(Citation; approving quotation; alluded to; acceptable with changes) |
2 Ignatius of Antioch (110 AD) |
3 Barnabas (130 AD) |
4 Hermas (140 AD) |
5 Papias of Hierapolis (140 AD) |
6 Polycarp (150 AD)Romans was Approved (75%) by Polycarp(Citation; approving quotation; alluded to; acceptable with changes) |
7 Didache (150 AD)Romans was Approved (75%) by Didache(Citation; approving quotation; alluded to; acceptable with changes) |
8 Diognetus (150 AD) |
9 Justin Martyr (155 AD)Romans was Approved (75%) by Justin Martyr(Citation; approving quotation; alluded to; acceptable with changes) |
10 Irenaeous (202 AD) |
11 Clement of Alexandria (215 AD)Romans was Fully Accepted (100%) by Clement of Alexandria(Fully accepted; true scripture; quoted approvingly) |
12 Tertullian (220 AD)Romans was Approved (75%) by Tertullian(Citation; approving quotation; alluded to; acceptable with changes) |
13 Origen (254 AD)Romans was Approved (75%) by Origen(Citation; approving quotation; alluded to; acceptable with changes) |
14 Eusebius of Caesarea (340 AD)Romans was Fully Accepted (100%) by Eusebius of Caesarea(Fully accepted; true scripture; quoted approvingly) |
15 Athanasius of Alexandria (367 AD)Romans was Fully Accepted (100%) by Athanasius of Alexandria(Fully accepted; true scripture; quoted approvingly) |
16 Cyril of Jerusalem (386 AD)Romans was Fully Accepted (100%) by Cyril of Jerusalem(Fully accepted; true scripture; quoted approvingly) |
17 Augustine of Hippo (400 AD)Romans was Fully Accepted (100%) by Augustine of Hippo(Fully accepted; true scripture; quoted approvingly) |
| Bible Canon (367 AD)
In 367 AD, Bishop Athanasius of Alexandria, first gave a list of the 27-books to become the New Testament 'Bible Canon' |
TEXTUAL CRITICISM | ROMANS| Bible Translations: Missing/Disputed Verse
The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen
Displayed as above
Missing Verse Missing Verse EVIDENCE: Was Paul the Author?Today, it is assumed Paul is the author. However, it is known that Paul extensively used Scribes ('Amanuensis') to write his letters. Paul dictated his thoughts and the Scribe wrote the letter as they saw fit. Therefore, all, if not the majority of Paul's Epistles (letters) in the New Testament Bible are authored by unknown Scribes.EVIDENCE: Paul had a troubling 'Thorn'In his Corinthians letter, Paul speaks of a 'Thorn In My Flesh' troubling him. Bible scholars have 4 theories on the 'thorn':
2 Mental Illness - The 'thorn' is a mental illness (i.e. brain disorder, hallucination, schizophrenia, depression etc.) 3 Spiritual Problem - The 'thorn' is a spiritual or moral problem (i.e. demon, evil-spirit, devil possession etc.) 4 Ministerial Opposition - The 'thorn' is the Jewish persecution, opposition and resistance to Paul's ministry. This is considered a weak theory because if Paul was referring to a opposing person or movement, he would have referred to such individuals by name. EVIDENCE: Paul had Eye-Sight ProblemsIt is known that Paul used Scribes ('Amanuensis') to write his letters as he suffered from poor eye-sight and was unable to write. According to early sources, Paul was 'a short, bony, little Jew with constant running eyes from his eye problems, squinting with a very large angular nose'.See what large letters I use as I write to you with my own hand [Paul's eyesight was defective and he needed help to write]
As you know, it was because of an illness that I first preached the gospel to you, and even though my illness was a trial to you, you did not treat me with contempt or scorn. Instead, you welcomed me as if I were an angel of God, as if I were Christ Jesus himself. Where, then, is your blessing of me now? I can testify that, if you could have done so, you would have torn out your eyes and given them to me.
Paul replied, Brothers, I did not know [due to bad eye-sight] that he was the high priest; for it is written: 'Do not speak evil about the ruler of your people.'
EVIDENCE: Church was aware of Paul's Eye-Sight problemIn Galatians, Paul confirms the Galatian Church was aware of his eye-sight problem. So much so, they would have 'plucked out their own eyes and given them to him' were it possible.Where, then, is your blessing of me now? I can testify that, if you could have done so, you would have torn out your eyes and given them to me.
EVIDENCE: Paul used Scribes to write his Epistles (Letters)Paul composed his letters in accordance with the writing conventions of his time. Scribes were essential as the skills required for writing with primitive pens and paper made writing legibly a challenge.Tertius was one Roman Scribe ('Amanuensis') who wrote on behalf of Paul. Tertius wrote Paul's Epistles (letters), either from notes, ideas or direct from Paul's mouth. At the end of the Epistle (letter), Paul would conclude with personal greetings in his own writing. [John Gill's commentary] Timothy is present as Paul and Tertius write Romans. Did Timothy have any influence over the final text? If so, what was that influence? Was any text in Romans written by Timothy? I, Tertius, the one writing this letter for Paul, send my greetings, too, as one of the Lord's followers
Paul, write this greeting in my own hand. Remember my chains. Grace be with you.
I, Paul, write this greeting in my own hand, which is the distinguishing mark in all my letters. This is how I write.
I, Paul, write this greeting in my own hand.
Timothy, my co-worker, sends his greetings to you, as do Lucius, Jason and Sosipater, my fellow Jews.
EVIDENCE: Bible Scholars who consider Paul's Letter ROMANS forged and interpolated'Interpolation' is where a Word, Verse, Passage or even entire Chapter was added to Paul's Letter, often many years after Paul had written, disseminated it or died. Bible Scholars who hold the view that Paul's Letter is interpolated include:
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SCRIPTURE TEXT (25) | ROMANS
Romans | Chapter: 4 | Verses: 25Chapter:1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 |
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For what saith the scripture? Abraham believed God, and it was counted unto him for righteousness.
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But to him that worketh not, but believeth on him that justifieth the ungodly, his faith is counted for righteousness.
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Even as David also describeth the blessedness of the man, unto whom God imputeth righteousness without works,
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Cometh this blessedness then upon the circumcision only, or upon the uncircumcision also? for we say that faith was reckoned to Abraham for righteousness.
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How was it then reckoned? when he was in circumcision, or in uncircumcision? Not in circumcision, but in uncircumcision.
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And he received the sign of circumcision, a seal of the righteousness of the faith which he had yet being uncircumcised: that he might be the father of all them that believe, though they be not circumcised; that righteousness might be imputed unto them also:
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And the father of circumcision to them who are not of the circumcision only, but who also walk in the steps of that faith of our father Abraham, which he had being yet uncircumcised.
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For the promise, that he should be the heir of the world, was not to Abraham, or to his seed, through the law, but through the righteousness of faith.
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For if they which are of the law be heirs, faith is made void, and the promise made of none effect:
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Therefore it is of faith, that it might be by grace; to the end the promise might be sure to all the seed; not to that only which is of the law, but to that also which is of the faith of Abraham; who is the father of us all,
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(As it is written, I have made thee a father of many nations,) before him whom he believed, even God, who quickeneth the dead, and calleth those things which be not as though they were.
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Who against hope believed in hope, that he might become the father of many nations, according to that which was spoken, So shall thy seed be.
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And being not weak in faith, he considered not his own body now dead, when he was about an hundred years old, neither yet the deadness of Sarah's womb:
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He staggered not at the promise of God through unbelief; but was strong in faith, giving glory to God;
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But for us also, to whom it shall be imputed, if we believe on him that raised up Jesus our Lord from the dead;
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Romans | Chapter: 4 | Verses: 25Chapter:1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 |
WARNING: Before You Read The Torah, Bible, Quran etc.
All SCRIPTURE TEXT has Context and Background. Text should never be read literally or in isolation. Always seek clarification from religious scholars and teachers. In general, to study Text requires four principles:1. Literal Meaning - What the Text says
2. Historical Setting - The story events; how the Text was understood in its time
3. Grammar - The surrounding sentence and paragraph; textual context
4. Synthesis - A comparison with similar Texts to give a better contextual understanding
